Q1027 traduce
presiunea atmosferică la locul aerodromului, exprimată în hPa
R16/19//95 este „Runway State Group” – informații despre starea pistei și spune că
pentru pista de orientare R16 (160
de grade) 1= damp (umed); 9= în procentaj cuprins între 51% și 100%. // semnifică faptul că adâncimea „depozitelor”
de pe pistă nu sunt măsurabile, nefiind precizate iar ultimul grup 95 traduce bune condiții de frânare (breaking action: good).
****************************************************************
a doua zi dimineață
grupul 250V320 semnalează faptul că vântul de tăria 3 noduri, anterior menționat (28003KT), are o direcție variabilă: dinspre 250 de grade până la 320 de grade.
R34/1000D - traduce că pista cu orientarea 34 are vizibilitatea de 1000 de metri în scădere (decreasing) iar norii sunt de tipul cer acoperit complet (OVC - overcast = 8 oktas, i.e., full cloud coverage) cu plafonul bazei la 200 de picioare înălțime.
=====================================================
Detalii despre datele METAR.
Acest raport poate cuprinde o sumedenie
de informații, nu doar informațiile de bază.
Astfel, conform informațiilor prezentate
pe
deslușim astfel:
Location The ICAO indicator of the reporting
station eg. EGLL
Date/Time of
Report The day of
the month and the time of the observation in hours and minutes UTC e.g.
191350Z.
AUTO The optional code word AUTO
indicates that the report has been generated using data from an automated
observing system.
Surface Wind
The mean
wind direction in degrees true to the nearest 10 degrees, from which the wind
is blowing and the mean wind speed in knots over the 10 minute period
immediately preceding the observation
e.g. 35015KT = 350 degrees true/15 kts;
VRB05KT = variable/5 kts; 00000 = CALM.
If gusts exceed the mean wind speed by
10kts or more in the 10 minutes preceding the time of the report, a letter G
and 2 more figures are added to indicate the maximum wind speed e.g. 23018G30KT
= 230 degrees true/18 kts gusting to a maximum of 30 kts. Reports may express
wind speed in metres per second ('MPS) or Kilometres per hour (KPH).
Winds greater than 100 kts or more shall be preceded by the letter P and
reported as P99KT or P99MPS or P199KPH.
Visibility Reported in a four figure group
(e.g. 0400 = 400 metres; 8000 = 8 km) up to but excluding 10 km; 9999 = 10km or
more; 0000 = less than 50 metres visibility.
Runway
Visual Range (RVR):
- Aerodromes may include a letter
indicator R followed by the runway designator, a"/" and
the touchdown zone RVR in metres, e.g. R06/0400. If the RVR is assessed on
2 or more runways simultaneously then the RVR group will be repeated.
- Parallel runways will have L,
C, or R added to the runway designator e.g. R24L/1100.
- If the RVR is greater than the
maximum value that can be measured, P will precede this value e.g.
R24L/P1500.
- If the RVR is less than the
minimum value that can be measured , M will precede this value e.g.
R24L/M0050.
- If RVR trends can be measured
then U, D, or N will follow the RVR value to indicate
increasing, decreasing or no change respectively.
Weather Weather is indicated by up to 3
groups comprising symbols and letters from the following:
- = slight
|
+ = Heavy
|
BC = Patches
|
BL = Blowing
|
BR = Mist
|
DR = Low Drifting
|
DS = Dust Storm
|
DU = Widespread Dust
|
DZ = Drizzle
|
FG = Fog
|
FC = Funnel Cloud (e.g. Tornado)
|
FU = Smoke
|
FZ = Freezing
|
GR = Hail
|
GS = Small Hail
|
HZ = Haze
|
IC = Ice Crystals
|
MI = Shallow
|
PL = Ice Pellets
|
PO = Dust Devils
|
RA = Rain
|
SA = Sand
|
SG = Snow Grains
|
SH = Shower
|
SN = Snow
|
SQ = Squall
|
SS = Sandstorm
|
TS = Thunderstorm
|
VA = Volcanic Ash
|
VC = In the vicinity (nearby)
|
UP = Unidentified Precipitation
|
RE = Recent
|
e.g -
FZDZ = Slight Freezing Drizzle; + SHRASN =
Heavy Shower of Rain and Snow; REUP = Recent Unidentified Precipitation.
Cloud: Cloud amount is reported as FEW
= few (1-2 oktas), SCT = scattered (3-4 oktas), BKN = broken (5-7
oktas) or OVC = overcast (8 oktas), followed by the height of the cloud
base in hundreds of feet above aerodrome elevation e.g. SCT018 = scattered
clouds at 1800 ft. Note that in area and route forecasts, heights are AMSL or
standard pressure altitudes.
Selection of
cloud layers reported is made as follows:
- The lowest Layer;
- The next lowest layer of SCT
or more;
- The next higher layer of BKN
or more;
- Significant convective cloud (CB
or TCU) if not already reported.
Sky obscured
is given as VV followed by the vertical visibility in hundreds of feet.
When the vertical visibility has not been measured, the group will be VV///
When there
are no clouds of operational significance to report, no CB or TCU
and CAVOK is not appropriate, the abbreviation NSC (No
Significant Cloud) is used.
CAVOK The Visibility, Cloud, and Weather
groups are replaved by the term CAVOK (cloud and visibility OK) when the
following conditions exist simultaneously:
- Visibility is 10km or more
- No CB or TCU and no cloud below
5000 feet or Minimum Sector
Altitude (whichever is the greater)
- No significant weather at or in
the vicinity of the aerodrome.
Temperature Air temperature and
dewpoint are reported in whole degrees Celsius,
e.g. 10/07 = Temperature 10°C/ Dew point 7°C.
QNH QNH is
stated to the nearest whole hectopascal (equivalent to a millibar) rounded down
and preceded by the letter Q e.g. Q1013 = QNH 1013 Hectopascals.
Recent
Weather Significant
recent weather observed in the period since the last routine observation will
be reported by using the code letters for weather preceded by the letters RE
e.g. RETS = Recent Thunderstorms.
Wind Shear In a METAR, civil aerodromes may
include wind shear if reported
along the take off or approach paths in the lowest 1600 ft with reference to
the runway. WS is used to begin the group, e.g. WS TKOF RWY20. If the
wind shear is affecting all runways, WS ALL RWY is reported.
Aerodrome
Colour State UK military
and USAFE aerodromes will include the abbreviated colour state at the end of
the message and ad the forecast colour state after the TREND.
Runway State
Group (RSG) An 8-figure
group which may be added to METAR from civil aerodromes.
- Runway designator (first two
digits)
27 = Rwy 27 or 27L
77 = Rwy 27R (50 added to the
designator for "right" runway)
88 = All runways
99 = repetition of the last message
as no new information received.
- Runway Deposits (third digit)
0 = Clear and dry
1 = Damp
2 = Wet or water patches
3 = Rime or frost covered (depth
normally less than 1mm)
4 = Dry snow
5 = Wet snow
6 = Slush
7 = Ice
8 = compacted or rolled snow
9 = frozen ruts or ridges
/ = type of deposit not reported
(e.g. due to rwy clearance in progress)
- Extent of runway contamination
(fourth digit)
1 = 10% or less
2 = 11% to 25%
5 = 26% to 50%
9 = 51% to 100%
/ = not reported (e.g. due to rwy
clearance in progress)
the quoted
depth is the mean of a number of readings or, if operationally significant, the
greatest depth measured.
00 = less than 1mm
01 = 1mm etc
to
90 = 90mm
91 = not used
92 = 10cm
93 = 15cm
94 = 20cm
95 = 25cm
96 = 30cm
97 = 35cm
98 = 40cm or more
99 = Rwy(s) non-operational due to
snow, slush, ice, large drifts or runway clearance, but depth not reported.
// = depth of deposit operationally
not significant or measurable.
- Friction Coefficient or Braking
Action (seventh and eighth digits)
The mean
value is transmitted or, if operationally significant, the lowest value, e.g.:
28 = friction coefficient 0.28
38 = friction coefficient 0.38
or
91 = Braking action: Poor
92 = Braking action: Medium/Poor
93 = Braking action: Medium
94 = Braking action: Medium/Good
95 = Braking action: Good
99 = Figures unreliable (e.g. if
equipment has been used which does not measure satisfactorily in slush or
snow.)
// = Braking action not reported
(e.g. runway not operational; aerodrome closed; etc.)
Note: If contamination
conditions cease to exist, the abbreviation CLRD is used, e.g.
24CLRD93 = Rwy 24 cleared; Braking
action: Medium/Good
88CLRD95 = All rwys cleared; Braking
Action: Good
TREND TREND forecasts are indicated by BECMG
(Becoming) or TEMPO (temporary) which may be followed by a time group
(hours and minutes UTC) preceded by one of the letter indicated FM
(from), TL (until), AT (at)
e.g. BECMG
FM1030 TL1130
NOSIG
replaces the TREND group when no significant changes are forecast to occur
during the 2 hour forecast period.
To indicate
the end of significant weather the abbreviation NSW,,, (No Significant
Weather) is used.
Only those
elements for which a significant change is expected should be included in a
TREND.
==========================================================================
Explicații de pe Wiki
International METAR codes
The
following is an example METAR from Burgas Airport in Burgas, Bulgaria. It was taken on 4 February 2005 at
16:00 Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC).
METAR LBBG
041600Z 12012MPS 090V150 1400 R04/P1500N R22/P1500U +SN BKN022 OVC050 M04/M07
Q1020 NOSIG 8849//91=
- METAR indicates that the following
is a standard hourly observation.
- LBBG is the ICAO airport code for Burgas Airport.
- 041600Z indicates the time of the
observation. It is the day of the month (04) followed by the time of day
(1600 Zulu time, which equals 4:00 pm Greenwich Mean Time
or 6:00 pm local time).
- 12012MPS indicates the wind direction is from 120° (east-southeast)
at a speed of 12 m/s (23 knots; 27 mph; 44 km/h). Speed
measurements can be in knots (abbreviated KT) or meters per second
(abbreviated MPS).
- 090V150 indicates the wind direction
is varying from 90° true (east) to 150° true (south-southeast).
- 1400 indicates the prevailing
visibility is 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
- R04/P1500N indicates the Runway Visual
Range (RVR) along runway 04 is 1,500 m
(4,900 ft) and not changing significantly.
- R22/P1500U indicates RVR along runway 22
is 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and rising.
- +SN indicates snow is falling at a heavy intensity. If any
precipitation begins with a minus or plus (-/+), it's either light or
heavy.
- BKN022 indicates a broken (over half
the sky) cloud layer with its base at 2,200 ft (670 m) above ground level
(AGL). The lowest "BKN" or "OVC" layer specifies the cloud ceiling.
- OVC050 indicates an unbroken cloud
layer (overcast) with its base at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) above
ground level (AGL).
- M04/M07 indicates the temperature is
−4 °C (25 °F) and the dew point is −7 °C (19 °F). An M
in front of the number indicates that the temperature/dew point is below zero Celsius.
- Q1020 indicates the current altimeter setting
(in QNH) is 1,020 hPa (30.12 inHg).
- NOSIG is an example of a TREND
forecast which is appended to METARs at stations while a forecaster is on
watch. NOSIG means that no significant change is expected to the reported
conditions within the next 2 hours.
- 8849//91 indicates the condition of the
runway:
- 88 indicates either a specific
runway (e.g. 25 = Rwy 25 or 25L; adding 50 will indicate Right Runway) or
all the airport's runways ("88").
- 99 indicates repetition of the
last message as no new information received.
Some
locations will report the runway using 3 characters (e.g. 25L)·
- 4 means the runway is coated
with dry snow
- 9 means 51% to 100% of the
runway is covered
- // means the thickness of the
coating was either not measurable or not affecting usage of the runway
- 91 means the braking index is
bad, in other words the tires have bad grip on the runway
- CAVOK is an abbreviation for Ceiling
And Visibility OK, indicating no cloud below
5,000 ft (1,500 m) or the highest minimum sector altitude and no
cumulonimbus
or towering cumulus
at any level, a visibility of 10 km (6 mi) or more and no
significant weather change.
= indicates the end of the METAR
